As major countries around the world advance their space projects from near Earth orbit to deep space environments, spacecraft face many new challenges in achieving reliable operation in extreme environments. The unique crystal structure of diamond gives it five characteristics: hard, high, transparent, wide, and fast, which determine that it can still exhibit high temperature resistance, high pressure resistance, and radiation resistance in extreme environments.
In response to thermal control issues such as high heat flux density caused by high-density integration of main components in spacecraft and large temperature differences between cold and hot environments caused by alternating space cold and black environments/solar radiation, diamond has been applied and verified in satellite antenna TR components for heat dissipation due to its ultra-high thermal conductivity.
Spaceborne active phased array antennas have excellent performance and high device integration, but the dense arrangement of a large number of transmit/receive (T/R) components in a narrow space will lead to local high heat flux density, making it difficult to achieve effective heat dissipation. The T/R module, as an important component of active phased array antennas, is a key component for promoting electronic scanning of phased array beams. It generally adopts a low-temperature co fired ceramic internal structure and highly integrates various high-performance and high gain chips. The heat flux density inside the micrometer scale chip in the satellite phased array antenna can reach 50W/cm2, far exceeding the heat transfer limit of ordinary heat pipes. However, the thermal conductivity of the ceramic material at the bottom of the chip is only about 2W/(m · K), which clearly cannot meet the heat dissipation requirements. At the same time, the compact layout structure makes traditional thermal control methods difficult to adapt to special antenna structure requirements, and 90% of antenna heat is concentrated in the relatively small front area of the antenna, which increases the difficulty of thermal control. Based on the above analysis, the heat dissipation problem of satellite active phased array antennas has become a shortcoming and bottleneck hindering their engineering applications.
Diamond has the advantages of high thermal conductivity and strong adaptability to space environment, and has great potential in solving heat dissipation problems. Researchers used polycrystalline diamond as the heat sink material, and embedded 48 high thermal conductivity diamond sheets in the aluminum alloy frame of the antenna T/R module. The telemetry temperature range of the antenna T/R module can be controlled between 6.2~17.2 ℃, and the maximum temperature gradient of the T/R module is 2.2 ℃; After working in full transmission mode for 20 minutes, the antenna T/R component only heats up by 2.3 ℃.
In extreme aerospace environments, diamond materials have absolute advantages and have been applied in five areas, including deep space exploration detectors, portable power sources isotope batteries, spacecraft thermal control thermal conduction and near-field thermal radiation devices, spacecraft health monitoring quantum sensors, optical windows star sensor windows, etc.
CSMH focuses on the research and production of high-quality diamond materials. Its core products include diamond wafers, diamond heat sinks, diamond windows, and diamond heterojunction integrated composite substrates. Among them, the surface roughness of the diamond wafer Ra<1nm; The thermal conductivity of diamond heat sink is 1000-2200W/m.k, and the technical indicators have reached the world's leading level. Diamond heat sink has been applied in many fields such as high-power lasers, aerospace, new energy vehicles, GPUs, etc.
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